According to Kane & White (2009), the framework for bad cops emphasizes which concept?

• A. Classification of misconduct
• B. Overlaps definitions of deviance and misconduct
• C. Both Classification of misconduct and overlapping definitions
• D. Police crime is unrelated

Answer: (C)

The main idea being tested is that Kane and White view police misconduct through two intertwined elements: how misconduct is classified and how definitions of deviance and misconduct overlap. This dual focus makes the option that includes both aspects the best choice. In their framework, you can’t fully understand bad cops by listing types of misconduct alone, nor by assuming a sharp, universal boundary between deviance and misconduct; many acts sit at the intersection, being deviant in behavior or intent while also violating policy, or vice versa. Acknowledging this overlap helps explain why some incidents are treated as misconduct within institutional rules while others are discussed in terms of broader deviance, and it underscores why research and analysis must address both how misconduct is categorized and how deviance and misconduct definitions blur together.